CHAPTER 1 GUIDANCE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Essays - Education

Part 1: GUIDANCE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES A. Implications, needs, capacities, and extent of direction Direction School years may be thehappiest period in a person's life. It is a point in one's life when companions are made,new encounters are experienced, and changes turn upas one develops and assembles character and character. The school is anurturing condition where an individual is developed and formed in anticipation of adulthood. Be that as it may, the life of an understudy isn't such it's supposed to be. Particularly that of an adolescent, with seething hormones coordinated with an ocean of apparently grave quandaries, who else would you be able to go to when nobody seemsto tune in? Which means of Guidance - a pretty much broad term to indicate both deliberate or unsystematic and casual methods toward helping a person. ( Erlison Lorenz M. Ognilla , Mrs Czarina Ann Alfonso) - is a nonstop procedure of helping the people to get themselves and their reality. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) - is a sorted out arrangement of specific administrations set up as a vital piece of the school condition intended to advance the improvement of studen ts. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso - tries to enable a person to get comfortable with realities about himself - his inclinations, capacities, past turn of events and plans. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) - includes individual assistance given by somebody. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) - is a procedure of helping the person to get changed in accordance with his current circumstance to give the most extreme advancement to him and to assist him with anticipating his future regarding his advantage, aptitudes, capacities and requirements. (Marjorie Arandela-Caipang , Ph. D.) - signified The part of instructive program which is concerned particularly with helping the understudy to get changed in accordance with his current circumstance and to design his future in accordance with his inclinations, capacities and social needs. ( Harmin and Erikson) The Need for Guidance The understudy life is getting mind boggling step by step. Direction is expected to help the understudies for ideal accomplishment and satisfactory change in the shifted life circumstances. (Czarina Ann B. Alfonso) 1. To help in the absolute advancement of the understudy 2. To help in the correct selections of courses 3. To help in the best possible selection of professions 4. To help the understudies in professional turn of events 5. To create availability for decisions and changes to confront new difficulties 6. To limit the confusing among training and business and help in the productive utilization of labor. 7. To inspire the adolescent for independent work 8. To assist understudies with setting up appropriate personality 9. To distinguish and spur the understudies from more fragile areas of society. 10. To help the understudies in their time of unrest and disarray 11. To help in checking wastage and stagnation 12. To recognize and help understudies needing uncommon assistance. 13. To guarantee the best possible use of time spent outside the homerooms. 14) To help in handling issues emerging out of understudies populace blast 15) To check relocation to forestall mind channel 16) To compensate for the lacks of home. 17) To limit the occurrence of indiscipline. Elements of Guidance As indicated by Jones, direction doesn't take care of the issues for and individual, rather, it enables the person to take care of his issues. This is made conceivable by making accessible to the individual every conceivable mean, openings, roads of significant worth to him. Subsequently, there is an expanded mindfulness in him which results to self-information, self-examination and self-comprehension. Extent of Guidance ( Erlison Lorenz M. Ognilla , Czarina Ann Alfonso) 1. Administrations rendered to an individual and his needs 2. Administrations to staff individuals 3. Administrations relating to assessment of administrations B. Concerns, patterns, and basic components of direction Worries of Guidance We as a people we likewise need to know the standards, administrations and the projects offered by direction. Furthermore, there ought to be a solid practices to be clarify. We need to think about the main worries on the significance of direction in the various parts of man's life today. They are: Multifaceted nature of living - With our cutting edge contraptions and with the sharp rivalry in our work power, information on possibilities, interests, and capacities of the candidates turns into an essential for the

Musicians The 27 Club Professor Ramos Blog

Performers The 27 Club Musicians’ The 27 Club At the point when individuals here ‘27 Club it is uncommon for somebody to try and think about it. The 27 Club was made in the 1970’s. It was made after 4 exceptionally acclaimed performers grievously kicked the bucket between the long periods of 1969-1971. Considerably after those demise it didn’t bring a lot of consideration. The possibility of the 27 Club didn’t get everyone’s consideration until 1994 when Kurt Cobain kicked the bucket. At the point when the making of this club started it began with accepting that these craftsmen made a Satanic agreement. Others obviously accepted they were simply suicides. At the point when you put more idea into it you can generally concur that drugs and horrible pasts have such a great amount to do with them. The acclaim may have given them everything they could have envisioned about, however it additionally gave them more to worry about like how individuals saw them and attempting to accomplish beyond what the y could deal with to keep the consideration of their fans. It isn’t all playing around in any event, when you have the notoriety.  There are such huge numbers of individuals with regards to the 27 Club, yet when somebody makes reference to the club 6 individuals spring up into the discussion. The individuals include: Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse. The main part to be placed into the 27 Club was Brian Jones. He was conceived on February 28,1942. At the point when Jones was 3 years of age his multi year old sister kicked the bucket of Leukemia. From that point forward his life was constantly spun around her passing. He is most popular as the individual from the Rolling Stones band. They made the band in 1962. As the band started playing various gigs and making music Jones started getting a handle on left which at that point prompted use medications and drink too much. Jones started kicking vicious and off having emotional episodes in any event, when in front of an audience. Eventually Jones got awful that he even got captured. That’s prompted the remainder of the individuals to settle on the significant choice of requesting that he leave the band. So in 1969 Jones was authoritatively approached to leave the band. Obviously this prompted Jones getting discouraged and he didn’t discover anything he sufficiently minde d to live any longer. On July 3, 1969 Jones overdosed and was found at the base of his pool. Jimi Hendrix was likewise one of the principal individuals to join the club. Jimi was conceived from a youngster mother on November 27,1942. He didn’t have a decent youth. His mother was a medication fiend and his dad was a consumer. When Jimi’s father saw that he was left given he never let him overlook that he was a devil’s youngster. His folks never appeared to get along, he grew up observing them contending. He wound up being ricocheted around to his family members with his two more youthful siblings. His mother wound up biting the dust when Jimi was 15 years of age. Jimi instructed himself to play the guitar. He began medications and liquor youthful to manage of his dad and obviously his mother’s passing. That didn’t prevent him from accomplishing to follow his fantasy. He got so much acclaim due to his guitar aptitudes. He was in the end known to be the Ultimate Guitarist. All the notoriety brought mental self view issues and Jimi began to onc e again work himself attempting to make more music and give his fan more than he had the option to. This obviously had Jimi utilizing more medications to either keep awake or manage the pressure. He kept on suffocating himself in liquor and medications until he overdosed on September 18,1970. Janis Joplin was conceived on January 19.1943. She really rolled out a major improvement in the music business for ladies. She was known as the First Lady of  Rock’N’Roll. When Janis was more youthful she was entirely known as the maverick. Not at all like the various children at school she didn’t think dark individuals were any extraordinary. When in school Janis was harassed in light of the fact that she had terrible skin break out. In spite of the fact that she attempted to disregard the domineering jerks it didn’t influence her intellectually. She was casted a ballot the Ugliest Boy in school. At the point when she went to High School Janis started utilizing medications to manage the domineering jerks. Janis definitely realized she needed to be renowned. She wanted to sing and she went out to look for her chance. She ricocheted to and fro from her home to different states attempting to discover her chance, however bombed unfailingly. Rock wasnâ€℠¢t known from having ladies in the music business, so made it exceptionally hard for Janis. She was at that point a substantial consumer, yet the persistent bombed endeavors to accomplish notoriety prompted her taking medications. She at long last made her success yet when she performed she was anxious so she drank and took sedates before strolling up in front of an audience. Janis was at that point tormented for what she looked like in school so acclaim exacerbated it when it came to thinking about her mental self view. She overdosed on heroin on October 4, 1970. Jim Morrison was known to be a keen, yet apathetic child when it came to class. He was more on December 8,1943. His was in the Navy was amazingly severe. When Jim was around 5 years of age he was in the vehicle with his family when they passed by an appalling slammed truck. They drove by dead bodies out and about and a portion of the bodies were really destroyed in pieces. Jim always remembered that picture and really composed the tune PeaceFrog. Growing up Jim’s father was a severe man with numerous principles. Jim was even more a free soul and started opposing his dad. He started to drink to manage his dad. At the point when he chose to go the film school his family was incredibly unsupportive. He started doing music and it turned out to be more worry for Jim. He started to utilize medications and more liquor to manage his own life as well as his open life. He joined The Doors Band. When Jim was in front of an audience he started to have fierce upheavals. Jim realized he was deteriorating, so he took a break from the band so he could attempt to get himself together. When taking that break it brought more discouragement for Jim. He didn’t stop the medications and he began drinking throughout the day. On July 3, 1971 Jim was discovered dead, overdosed on heroin in his bath. Kurt Cobain is best know as the part on The Nirvana Band which was made in 1988. Kurt was conceived on February 20,1967. Kurt’s guardians got separated and he got isolated from his more youthful sister. This was an enormous change for a little kid particularly when not knowing when you will see you sister. This caused Kurt to feel forlorn and his parent’s remarried rather quickly.He started having mental self portrait issues at a youthful age. When Kurt was a high schooler he found a dead body swinging from a tree. He discovered medications when he moved in with his mother. In 1992 Kurt wedded Kourtney. They before long had a girl. Kourtney was a substantial medication client which make Kurt keep utilizing drugs. His cousin started seeing the measure of medications Kurt was utilizing and cautioned him that enslavement and psychological instabilities. Kurt didn’t focus on his cousin’s notice. In 1993, Kurt intentionally overdosed on drugs however he was dis covered soon enough to spare him. He didn’t need to live any longer and having the popularity thus much consideration made him need to leave this world sooner. He composed a self destruction note upon the arrival of his passing and he expressed, â€Å"it’s preferable to wear out over blur away.† In his note he likewise left a couple of words for his little girl who he cherished, yet he just wasn’t sufficiently able to remain on earth any longer. On April 5,1994 Kurt put a weapon to his mouth and quickly finished his torment. We at that point have Amy Winehouse who was really one of the later lost life. Amy Winehouse was conceived on September 14,1983. Amy was daddy’s young lady from the day she was conceived yet when she was 9 years of age her dad left to live with his new sweetheart. This left Amy’s mother battling as a single parent who Amy detested. Amy appeared to have hatred towards her mom since her dad left. When Amy was in school she really started taking antidepressants and she would self-mischief to catch eye. When Amy was in her 20’s she was a very overwhelming consumer. Amy got ready for marriage and wedded  Blake Fielder-Civil in 2007. Blake he utilized heroin and different medications; in the long run he got Amy utilizing them too . Blake before long turned into her provider for the medications. Blake and Amy in the long run got separated following 2 years in light of the fact that the medications began turning into the one thing destroying their marriage. Amy proceed ed obviously after the separation which is the point at which she was sent to the emergency clinic over overdrinking. Her primary care physician cautioned her that she would confront passing on the off chance that she didn’t look for help. That cautioning didn’t truly stay with Amy, she despite everything kept on utilizing drugs attempting to manage the acclaim, confidence and sorrow. She once revealed to her companion Alex Hainsand she felt that she was going to join the 27 Club. Amy began having seizures brought about by the measure of medications she was utilizing. Amy quit focusing on her music vocation and all she thought about was the medications and liquor. Everybody around her started to saw how depleted she was by all accounts. Amy kicked the bucket on August 7, 2011 from overdose when she blended courageous woman, cocaine, euphoria, ketamine, whisky, and vodka. These performers are still associated with having astonishing gifts. They had troublesome circumstances to manage since early on and accept that perhaps a little acclaim can fix everything. Their past frequented them even with all the consideration that they got. The music business didn’t help them either giving them the measure of pressure and work a solitary human can’t handle. Such an excess of driving  to the utilization of medications. Trusting that possibly only for a brief timeframe they won’t feel depleted, focused or the agony from an earlier time. We lost these gifted individuals way too early in light of the fact that they couldn’t see the significance of living any longer. Individuals are as yet attempting to make sense of why it is that they kicked the bucket at 27. The rundown for the 27 Club keeps on developing still no definite response to why these craftsmen surrender their life at that age. Fans lost their cherished performers and not f or second did these craftsman permit their fans to see the torment they held inside until their last day. Work Cited â€Å"Amy Said She Always Knew

Euthanasia: Whose Life Is It? :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Willful extermination: Whose Life Is It?              Imagine a body gradually and unbearably being separated by an inconspicuous and wild trespasser. Presently envision that there is a law keeping anybody from terminating that anguish. Welcome to the contention over willful extermination. Willful extermination is characterized as the demonstration or practice of slaughtering out of leniency. Euthanasia in fact exists in four classifications: dynamic, detached, intentional, and automatic. Inactive willful extermination is the demonstration of expelling all medicines and types of life bolster expected to delay life or fix sickness, and permitting the patient to kick the bucket of normal causes. Dynamic killing comprises of an outside power really causing the demise of the patient, or rushing the passing with the utilization of medications and different devices. At the point when the patient is completely able and equipped for settling on this crucial choice on their own, it is viewed as intentional willful extermination. In the event that the choice is made for the patient, because of the person in question being rendered unequipped for this aware end, it is marked as automatic willful extermination. For as far back as quite a few years, this has been a significant issue, advancing from lobbyist gatherings to the Supreme Court. The discussion over willful extermination was touched off openly in 1988 with an article distributed in The New England Journal of Medicine about an involvement with submitting dynamic killing. The demonstration of willful extermination, in either detached or dynamic structure, is adequate in just a single country on the planet. Indeed, even there, in the Netherlands, it is allowed in just certain cases as determined and directed by the lawful framework, and presently can't seem to be completely authorized. Willful extermination ought to be legitimized in light of the fact that it is an indiv idual decision.              The contention over willful extermination is perplexing and multi-faceted; especially managing the duty of those engaged with the demonstration. Numerous individuals, in the contention against willful extermination, guarantee that if killing were made lawful in the United States, doctors would mishandle that law. They state that insurance agencies would put pressure on the specialists to support this decision in their patients to spare expenses. Another case is that the doctors may disregard their obligation to their patients and pick the speedy and simple way out while charging a strong expense.

Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business essays

Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business articles This life story of Andrew Carnegie begins concentrating on his family's migration to the United States of America and their purpose behind doing as such. He was conceived in Scotland in 1835 and went to the United States in 1848. It at that point discusses his apprenticeships as both a supervisor and as an agent before proceeding to get one of the most extravagant and most impressive representatives ever. In 1865, set up his own business endeavors and in the long run sorted out the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. The social and monetary changes achieved by the Industrial Revolution permitted Carnegie to hoard his fortune in the United States. He was savage in his cost-cutting undertakings, and he was happy to try different things with his new business strategies that would expand creation and benefits. At age 65, he offered his organization to J.P. Morgan for $480 million. Toward the start of the twentieth century, this Scotland local was probably the most extravagant man on th e planet. He at that point gave his life to altruistic exercises and composing. He parted with his fortune through various individual blessings and the foundation of different trusts. When he died in 1919, he had parted with in excess of 350 million. A portion of the book's essential sources incorporate the Carnegie papers in the Library of Congress, Joseph Frazier Wall's book Andrew Carnegie, Burton J. Hendrick's The Life of Andrew Carnegie, and James Howard Bridge's book The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company. These three books gave the writer great material to work with in light of the fact that they each have some understanding either direct or through Carnegie's companions. The book's optional sources incorporate F.C. Mather's book Public Order in the Age of the Chartists, George Rogers Taylor's book The Transportation Revolution 1815-1860, and Edward C. Kirkland's Industry Comes of Age. These books give the writer some knowledge of the economy during Carnegie's period and the historical backdrop of m ... <!

Going on this week at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Going on this week at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Tuesday Title: U.S. Shale Gas Pacific Gas Market: Pacific LNG Trade Gas Pricing Issues Sponsored By: Center on Global Energy Policy What is it:   Forum with Adam Sieminski, Administrator of the U.S. Energy Information Administration; and Chris Smith, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary and Acting Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy. Wednesday Title: 2013 MFA Thesis Exhibition Sponsored by:   Columbia University School of Arts What is it:  Columbia University School of the Arts Visual Arts Program, in association with the Fisher Landau Center for Art, presents the 2013 MFA Thesis Exhibition, encompassing work by the 26 artists who will graduate from the program this May. Thursday Title: Can Haitian Story-telling, Imagination and Oral History Traditions Influence Popular Environmental Risk Perception? Sponsored by: The Earth Institute What is it: Panel with Sabine Marx, Managing Director, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED), Columbia University; Laura Simms, Award-winning Performer, Writer, Educator; Jean Refuse, Director, Haitian American Foundation for Cultural Exchange; Moderated by Tatiana Wah, Director, Haiti Research and Policy Program, and Alex Fischer, Associate Director, Haiti Research and Policy Program, Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD), The Earth Institute, Columbia University. Friday Title: Late Imperial Epistemologies: A Eurasian Studies Workshop Sponsored by: Harriman Institute What is it: Conference about Late Imperial Epistemologies in Eurasian Studies. Saturday Undergraduate move out, no campus events Sunday Title: SIPA Graduation Party Sponsored by: SIPASA What is it: Join us at the SIPASA Graduation Party for one final night together as the Class of 2013! Celebrate under the stars with all your second year friends at The Empire Hotel Rooftop.

Taxation in the American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Many people know about the American Revolution. People know why the American Revolution started but we are going to look at the specific reasons. Some of the reasons the American Revolution started was because of taxation without representation, they wanted their freedom from Great Brittan, and the federal government made the states pay the war debt. Some of the taxes were the Tea act, the sugar act, and the navigation acts. All of them affected the people differently. The shot heard round the world was the key starting point to the American Revolution. The shot heard round the world was when British soldiers and the American militia met in Lexington Kentucky and exchanged gunfire. The shot heard round the world was in 1775. The American Revolution ended in 1783. According to the book A Peoples History of the American Revolution on August 14, 1765, in response to the Stamp Act, a Boston crowd in the thousands beheaded a statue of Andrew Oliver, a Massachusetts stamp distributor. After witnessing this, Oliver announces that he will resign from his position. The Stamp Act of 1765 put a tax on every piece of paper that was printed. Such as marriage licenses, ships papers, legal documents, and newspapers. Pleased with the outcome of the protest in Boston other cities followed their path. Cities such as Charleston, South Carolina hung the statue of the stamp distributor along with a figure of the devil. By the end of 1765 all stamp distributors had resigned from their position except Georgia. Rioters in Newport had switched from hanging the statues to the destruction of homes. In New York they hung the Governors statue and carted it around in his prize chariot, which they later burned. In the end the New York protestors forced Governor Colden to h and over all the stamps. Reaction to the stamp act in the colonies and the south was one of the most political events since the landing of James town . This was one of the first acts of taxation without representation and it was even before the American Revolution. The Tea act of 1773 gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly which increased the taxes on tea. This was the final straw for Americans. They were sick of the British controlling them with these taxes. New York and Philadelphians were upset with the tea act because it reaffirmed the Townshend Act of 1767. The Tea act made every pound that entered an American port cost three pence to American merchants. Bostonians resented any parliamentary taxation. They also feared that the tea act would set a precedent for government supported monopolies and that their merchants would be cut out of the tea trade. In Massachusetts the tax not only filled the commissioners pockets but also the pockets of Governor Hutchinson and other local officials. A writer that went by the name, PRAEDICUS, accused governor Hutchinson of establishing an American revenue for the opposition to that measure is daily gaining strength. Boston was only importing a small amount of tea, at least less than before 17 68, which had encouraged the British government to pass the Tea act of 1773 and encouraged the East India Company to send its tea to America. Other than not drinking British Tea colonial women are spinning their own cotton so they didnt have to buy British Cotton. On December 16, 1773 three British ships sailed into the Boston harbor filled with British Tea that Americans refused to buy. Sam Adams put armed guards at the waterfront to prevent them from bringing the tea ashore. Adams had a prearranged agreement with some men to be dressed up as Indians to destroy all the tea. The Indians shouted Boston Harbor a teapot tonight before they left the church and went to destroy the tea. The total number of men by the time they reached the ships was about 150 men. They boarded the three ships and proceeded to throw all the tea overboard. This was another example of Brittan placing a tax on the colonies without asking them what they wanted. On April 5, 1764 the British Parliament passed The Sugar Act. The Sugar Act was also known as the revenue act of 1764. The British Parliament imposed this tax to discourage trade between the Northern colonies and foreign colonies in the East Indies. The sugar act had actually been an extension of the molasses act of 1733 which placed a six pence per gallon of molasses, nine pence for rum, and five shilling per hundredweight of sugar . They suggested that for the Molasses act of 1733 that they make the punishment stricter if someone was smuggling anything covered in the act . Grenville saw that the income from the Molasses act would not be enough to cover the troops in America . The New England merchants persuaded themselves that the Molasses act could not be obeyed even if it was revised. They figured it would destroy their trade in both molasses and rum . Although the sugar act was not taken very well it was not quite as bad as the stamp act. The sugar act wasnt well liked by the pe ople because it put a tax on the stuff they used in their everyday lives. The Navigation act of 1651 was, obviously, way before the American Revolutionary War but its effects were long lasting which helped the cause of the war. The prototype of the navigation act of 1650 restricted trade between the British and the rebellious colonies such as; Barbados, Bermuda, Antigua, and Virginia. The British however had the power to go to those places with a special license from the Council of State . This act was similar to the restraints on trade during the first Civil War. The Navigation acts of 1650 differed very little from the navigation acts of 1651 . It has long been agreed that the object of this act was to put an end to an extensive sea-borne trade in Dutch Merchandise and in products from other countries ¦ . There were multiple navigation acts after 1651. They kept making them until at least 1845. The navigation act made the colonists mad because it restricted their ability to trade with other countries for things that were actually useful. Many people know about the American Revolutionary war. People also know some of the reasons that it started. There were multiple reasons why it started but the ones we focused on were how taxes helped start the war. I believe that the reason the American Revolution happened was because the colonists were fed up with the taxation by England. Those people left England for a reason only to come to the new world and still be under Englands control. All of the taxes put on the colonies by England were very well disliked by the entire country which eventually led to the revolutionary war. In October 1781 the Americans surrounded General Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia and forced him to surrender. In 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed giving America its independence from England. Bibliography Carp, Benjamin L, Defiance of the Patriots: The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America, Yale University Press, Pg. 1476 Clapham, J. H. The Last Years of the Navigation Acts. The English Historical Review 25, no. 99 (1910): 480-501. http://www.jstor.org/stable/549885. Farnell, J. E. The Navigation Act of 1651, the First Dutch War, and the London Merchant Community. The Economic History Review, New Series, 16, no. 3 (1964): 439-54. doi:10.2307/2592847. Fradin, Dennis B, The Boston Tea Party, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark Johnson, Allen S. The Passage of the Sugar Act. The William and Mary Quarterly 16, no. 4 (1959): 507-14. doi:10.2307/1920217. Johnson, Oscar Albert, The Navigation Act of 9 October, 1651 The Journal of historical association, Volume 34. Issue 120-121. February 1949. Pg.89-96 Raphael, Ray, A peoples history to the American Revolution, The New York Press, Pg. 2 Russel, David Lee, The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies, Pg. 26-27

How Technology Has Changed Our Brain - 1452 Words

CC Orellana B3 The purpose of technology is not to confuse the brain but to serve it. A computers are machines that use a binary system to store, memorize, and manipulate information, just quite like the brain. A computer is able to carry out a series of logical operations, but yet so is our brain. The computer has memory that stores data and central processing unit that carries out certain steps, but yet so does the human brain. From the first computer just being used vacuum tubes, to use the silicon chips, there has been a technological revolution. Each year for the last ten years, technology has been becoming smaller and more capable of faster processing. Technology makes it possible for the use of countless labor-saving machines. This†¦show more content†¦So to look forward, the age group most researchers look at the people that are the ages between fourteen and twenty-four by 2014. Millennials have been showing growth and process throughout the time period many have been arguing about whether the new generation of digital technology i s making the young generation to become smarter, or stupider, than generations before. Recent psychologists and scientists are beginning to find their answers. They have found research on many of the current technological innovations that have helped benefit the millennial generation. One example of which is Auto-complete. Frequent users of phones, tablets, and laptops quickly get used to the auto-complete function of their devices, they need only type a few letters and the electronic device easily corrects and fills in the word. This handy function make just seem to make adolescent users faster, but surprisingly more accurate, when responding to a series of cognitive tests, according to research in 2009 from the journal Bioelectromagnetics, it was found that teenagers are actually learning better grammar, spelling, and diction. Another technological innovation is texting, as a study led by University of Coventry in Britain surveyed a group of teens about their texting habits, then asked them

Evaluation Argument On Nascar Driver Elite Athletes

Susan Neilson English 1010-126717 Evaluation Argument October 25, 2011 NASCAR Drivers Elite Athletes In 2011 Golden Tate, Detroit Lions wide receiver, tweeted that driving a car does not make someone athletic. In 2013 Donovan McNabb, retired NFL quarterback, made a comment that he did not consider Jimmie Johnson an athlete. The remarks were fueled when Jimmie Johnson, six-time champion in NASCAR’s Sprint Cup Series, was nominated for Best Male Athlete at ESPN’s Espy Awards in 2011. Merriam-Webster defines an Athlete as a person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports, or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina (â€Å"Athlete† 1). Auto Racing is recognized as a sport by the Association of IOC Recognised International†¦show more content†¦According to Potkanowicz, Edward S., and Ronald W. Mendel, racecar drivers heart rates have been recorded at 174.3 beats per minute (bpm), their bodies have endured repetitive g-loading up to 5.5 gravitational forces (g), and have withstand core body temperature of 102. 2 degrees Fahrenheit (4). A normal heart for adults ranges between 60-100 bpm. Racecar drivers have to be aerobically fit to sustain elevated heart rates. The average human can only handle up to 5g before passing out. Upper body strength is required if drivers are to withstand the continuous blows of g-force that can reach above 5g. An average core body temperature for humans is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. To prevent heat stroke, drivers practice hot yoga to help acclimate their bodies to the heat and exertion they will encounter on the track. In auto racing drivers must withstand all physiological stresses of their sport, if they lack in on aspect it can put their life and the life of fellow drivers in jeopardy. â€Å"Talk to high level athletes about their tactical preparation on of performance, and inevitably the words â€Å"concentration,† â€Å"attention,† or â€Å"focus† will be part of the conversation.† (Blumenstein 3). Elite Athletes undoubtedly are faced with psychological stress of performing their sport. In racecar driving those stresses can be heightened due the extreme nature of the sport. Racecar drivers are expected to multi-task at high level of speeds. They stay focused for long periods of time in

Dreams Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud Essay - 1174 Words

â€Å"Dreams are a series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations occurring involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.† This is the true definition of what dreams are according to Free Dictionary.com. Although many people are unaware of how dreams actually work there are two psychologists that have been able to pinpoint the true meaning of dreams. These two men are Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. There are many different perceptions on how people dream, what dreams mean, and why people dream. Sigmund Freud is known as the father of psychoanalysis, along with a psychologist, physiologist, and medical doctor. Freud worked with Joseph Breuer to develop the theory of how the mind is a complex energy system.Throughout Freud’s life he†¦show more content†¦These are often suppressed because people do not want to come to realization that this is a desire of this and this is often times why people dream about such things. Although Freud and Jung share a research topic, Carl Jung did not agree completely with the sexual desires concept. Jung believed that dreams are messages from our subconscious. Allen Hobson was another top contributor to the theory of dreams and why people dream. He is known as the first man to study dreams scientifically. Hobson created a new theory in the 1970’s that was not based on the content of dreams, but how the brain worked during those dreams. In the article, â€Å"What are Dreams?†, it states the belief that Hobson had. T he statement is, â€Å"It asserts that when we enter REM sleep, the state in which we dream the most, a signal is sent out from the brain stem located farthest below the brain, and the area of it responsible for visual perception becomes active. During sleep, we cease to input information from the outside world, so the brain takes memory fragments and pieces them together to create a story: a dream. The part of the brain that handles caution and judgment is not fully active at this time, which results in incoherent stories.† â€Å"REM means a stage in the normal sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity. AlsoShow MoreRelatedFreud and Jungs Father/Son Relationship835 Words   |  4 PagesFreudJung Introduction The relationship between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud began in 1906 when Jung sent Freud a signed copy of his published studies. Unknown to Jung, Freud had already purchased his own copy of the book after hearing how favorably his name figured into the writings. Six months later, Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zà ¼rich.(The Well-Documented Friendship of Carl Jung Sigmund Freud, 2014,p.1) When the two were finally able to meetRead MoreCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud1412 Words   |  6 PagesCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud Introduction Carl Jung (1875-1961) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) were two individuals whose theories on human personality would completely affect the way that people viewed the human mind. Carl Gustav was a practicing psychotherapist while Sigmund Freud created the discipline of psychoanalysis. The two men had seemingly identical beliefs about human behavior, but also had contrasting beliefs about concepts such as the ego, the psyche, and the state of unconsciousnessRead MoreSigmund Freud and Carl Jung1331 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud and Carl Jung Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung begun their relationship in 1906, when Carl Jung sent Freud a copy of his signed published studies, But Jung did not know that Sigmund Freud actually already owned a copy (well-Documented). Jung looked up to Freud and saw him as a father figure (well-Documented). Freud became Jung’s Mentor. In 1909, Freud and Jung toured the United States, and this is were they had a few disagreement on the unconscious mind. Jung thought Freud was negativeRead MoreAnalyzing Anna O, Freud. Breuer, Jung Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Anna O Examining the theories of Sigmund Freud, Joseph Breuer and Carl Jung March 20, 2013 1 Bertha Pappenheim, better known as Anna O, in the world of psychology, was 21 years old when she first became a patient of Dr. Josef Breuer. She was said to be a gifted girl, with a high intellect. Sadly, however, she had a series ofRead More Freud and Jung Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesFreud and Jung The psychological genre as it relates to sociological and medicinal matters has gained an increasing amount of scientific approval. Impartiality and the scientific method are both integral components to a psychologist’s mode of practice. However, even the most esteemed of psychologists can only speculate at what makes human beings act the way they do. Absolutes play no function in psychology. Everything is relative and open to conjecture. Theologians give us their visions or thoughtsRead MoreSociological Perspective On Psychology : Psychodynamic Psychology1067 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes all theories of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). He is the founding father of the psychodynamic approach and in psychoanalysis therapy in psychology. Freud was a trained neurologist, medical doctor, physiologist and psychologist. His theories included concepts of the unconscious mind, interpretation of dreams, sexuality and repression. In his first theory he thought that conflicts between the con scious and unconscious mind was the root of someone’s mental functioning. Freud believed our behaviorRead MoreTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologist’s mentioned has proposed their own reasoning behind the psychological functions and causes of human behavior. Each doctor of psychology has their own perspective as to why a person behaves the way that they do. Take Sigmund Freud for instance, he believed the unconscious mind had a strong influence on human behavior. (Cherry, 2011). According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influenceRead MoreEssay on Theoretical Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud1471 Words   |  6 Pagesdiligently to quantify and validate early structuralist perspectives in psychology, early functionalists were hard at work developing theories that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the functionalism movement, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James were clearly most concerned with how psychology could improve the lives of the individual and less inclined to laboratory research. Through each psychologist’s theory, the underlying tone is how one can identifyRead More Interpretation of Dreams: Freud Vs. Jung Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesInterpretation of Dreams: Freud Vs. Jung Works Cited Not Included Many philosophers, psychiatrists, and doctors have tried to explain the role of the unconscious, mostly through interpreting dreams; two who lead the way in the field of dream interpretation were Sigmund Freud and his most famous pupil, Carl Jung. By reviewing these mens views we can come to a better understanding of the role of the unconscious. Both Freud and Jung believe in the existence of a conscious and unconscious mindRead MoreDreams and Dreaming Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesfascinating and puzzling is dreams and their functions. It is surprising that an average person dreams for at least six years of their life, but scientists still do not know the role of dreaming (Shaw). Several theories have been presented to provide a reason for dreaming, and attempt to explain what most do not understand. Although dream research has been prominent lately, no agreement has been reached on which theory is correct on the purpose of dreams. Some believe that dreams are only simulations created

The Psychological Theories Of The Human Personality

The human Personality is an individual’s distinctive behaviour, thoughts and emotions which work in tandem to create a unique personality. This essay will analyse the operation of personality by examining the three main psychological theories of; Carl Rogers, Sigmund Freud and Hans Eysenck. These theories were initiated to gain an understanding of the ‘mind’ and how particular personality traits come about. Each of these theories are distinguished by three theoretical approaches, which are: Nomothetic; nomothetic approaches argue that personality is the outcome of permanent characteristics displayed consistently, this is measured using experiments or testing. For example, Eysenck is a ‘type’ theorists because he conducts research using a personality questionnaire. Idiographic; Idiographic approaches argue that each individual has a complex/unique personality. Therefore concerning themselves with the whole person rather than individual characteristics. They believe investigating Individuals in personal, in-depth detail will achieve a unique understanding of them, for example, phenomenological theorists like Rogers use clinical case studies. Last is psychodynamic theories; which tends to be an amalgamation of both nomothetic and idiographic approaches. Example being Freud’s psychic apparatus shared amongst all individuals (id, ego and superego), conversely each individual is unique in regards to the life experiences which sequentially shapes their personality. This also tiesShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality903 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Personality Theories Introduction In psychology, personality can be described as the the patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion unique to an individual, and the ways they interact to help or hinder the adjustment of a person to other people and situations (personality, 2012). Psychologists may make use of idiographic or nomothetic techniques in order to study personality of an individual. Many characteristics of human behavior can be examined while studying ones personality. To putRead MoreAssess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Approach to Understanding Personality1681 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Psychodynamic approach to understanding personality The psychodynamic approach was proposed by Freud. This approach towards personality is based on the notion of underlying forces such as the id, ego and superego which are either present from birth or develop during childhood shape our behaviour and personality as such. Experiences in childhood are proposed to be the basis of human personality, according to Freud and as such Psychodynamic theory proposes that some undesirable unbalances betweenRead MorePsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. Classical models of psychotherapy although deemed outdated, still have relevance in today’s practice of understanding human behavior. Psychotherapy is a science and art that was established back in the 1800’s with its own style and ideas. Classical models of psychoanalytic theory include psychoanalyticRead MoreUnderstanding Personality1579 Words   |  7 Pagesguide to the understanding of personality in terms of Theories, structure and testing, looking at Trait, situation and interactional theories in particular. Every individual has a unique personality, which is known as their psychological makeup. This is known as the relatively stable, psychological structures that shape a person’s actions in a specific environment. (Gill, 1986) This essay will look at the established theoret ical psychological understand of personalities. Where did sports psychologyRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology922 Words   |  4 Pagesquite understand â€Å"(Freidman, 2012, p. 17). This is the struggle that personality psychology tries to understand, how and to what extent the unconscious forces plays a role in human behavior. It is believed that people are responsible for their own actions. There is a continuous struggle with personality psychology and the comprehension of and to what extent unconscious forces play in human behavior. â€Å"Meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances; if there is any reactionRead MorePsychological ( Freudian ) Theory Research Paper1442 Words   |  6 Pages Tabitha Notgrass Notgrass 1 Mrs. Almack AP English 1 October 2014 Psychological (Freudian) Theory Research Paper Sigmund Freud was a neurologist who became known as the father of psychoanalysis. Freud is known for his numerous theories, such as Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality (Freudian Theory). In Freudian theory, the mind is structured into two parts: the unconscious and the conscious. The unconscious mind consists of all things that are outside of our awareness such asRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of Psychoanalysis In the early 1800s, Psychologist and researchers were fervent in postulating and hypothesizing. Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important inRead MoreSce1: Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime1502 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime Psychological-pertaining  to  the  mind  or  to  mental  phenomena  as  the subject  matter  of  psychology. -To account for criminal motivation in people, criminologists have used various psychology theories that attempt to explain human intellectual and emotional development. These theories can be divided into three categories: a. Moral Development Theories describe a sequence of developmental stages that peopleRead MoreHistory of Psychological Assessment Paper1129 Words   |  5 Pageshead: HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT History of Psychological Assessment Paper Natalie Maxwell University of Phoenix Dr. Alex Nagurney October 25, 2010 History of Psychological Assessment What is psychological assessment? Psychological assessment is considered one of the most important functions in applied psychology. In psychological assessment, the practitioner uses observation, interviews, and psychological tests to gain information about the client’s personality characteristicsRead MorePersonality: Genetically Inherited or Developed Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe foremost differentiation between human beings lies within an individual’s personality. A person’s personality lies in the individual’s general profile or within the unique mixture of psychological qualities of character that relates to that individuals distinctive nature. The individual’s distinctive mixture of psychological aspect guides the way in which that specific human being reacts and interacts with the others or their surroundings. Ones character contains a set of mental distinctiveness

The Importance Of Wind Turbines Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(41) " serious effects as it would at the tip\." With world-wide energy demands invariably on the rise, the demand for sustainable green energy beginnings is going of all time more of import. Global population growing and emerging developing states paired with an exhaustible supply and changeless addition in monetary value of the universe ‘s fossil fuels is doing an increased involvement into alternate energy beginnings. Based on current ingestion of the universes fossil fuels an appraisal of the length of clip staying before each modesty runs out, taken from ; World Fossil Fuel Reserves and Projected Depletion, Colorado River Commission of Nevada, March 2002, can be seen in table 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Wind Turbines Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fossil fuel Estimated old ages left before complete exhaustion Petroleum 98 old ages Natural gas 166 old ages Coal 230 old ages ( table 1 ) Even though these appraisals do n’t take into history the find of new fuel militias and the outgrowth of new more efficient dodo fuel energy engineerings they still give a image of why investing and research into sustainable engineerings is going of all time more extended and popular. Figures show that in 2011 the planetary air current power market grew by 20 % with a world-wide investing transcending ˆ 50 billion. ( Global Wind Energy Council, 2012 ) Wind power engineering is quickly going one of the most popular alternate energy beginnings for several grounds: It is environmentally friendly and will greatly cut down C dioxide emanations Contrary to popular belief, wind turbines are going more and more efficient at change overing energy and hence more cost effectual Wind power unlike fossil fuels is an unlimited beginning of energy and is readily available all around the universe. Low running costs one time wind turbines have been set up and a comparatively little required work force compared with conventional energy engineerings. Much safer than dodo fuel combustion and atomic power workss History of air current turbines Worlds have been tackling the power of the air current for 1000s of old ages. The earliest hint can be dated as far back as 4000BC where the ancient Chinese began utilizing the air current to power canvass attached to their ships. Other than sailing, the air current has influenced much technological promotion. It has played an of import function in agribusiness, where windmills have been used to crunch grains and irrigate Fieldss. It was n’t until the last 150 old ages that wind power has been used to change over kinetic energy into electricity. The first of all time automatically operated air current turbine in the universe was built in 1888 by Charles Brush. It consisted of 144 blades and was able to bring forth 12 KW of power used to bear down batteries. ( wind power coevals ) . But it was n’t until ww1 and ww2 where air current turbines were used commercially as a beginning of energy ( peculiarly in Denmark as it was cut off from oil supplies from the remainder of Europe. After this period research and involvement in air current engineering was non sustained due to the belief that it was non cost effectual. Although there was small planetary involvement in air current engineering at this clip some research was still carried out by independent developers, most notably the design of the 200KW Gedser air current turbine in Denmark. This was a pioneering design consisting of three flying blades and flying tip interruptions and is mostly considered be the trademark of all modern twenty-four hours wind turbines. It was n’t until the 1972 oil crisis that wind power began to come into fruition with Denmark and the USA taking the manner in invention. Gedser air current turbine Denmark ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energimuseet.dk/ ) Modern twenty-four hours wind turbines Modern twenty-four hours wind turbines differ greatly from Charles Brush ‘s 144 blade turbine both in aesthetics and public presentation, but the rule behind bring forthing electricity is the same. Aerodynamic lift forces caused by the air current blowing past the blades cause them to revolve a shaft and in bend power a generator which converts this mechanical power into electricity. Categorization The air current turbines can be split into two classs: HAWT ; horizontal axis air current turbines, these are turbines which axis of rotary motion are horizontal, and VAWTS ; perpendicular axis air current turbines, these are turbines which axis of rotary motion are perpendicular. There are advantages for utilizing either for case the VAWT in non wind way orientated and does non necessitate to confront the way of the air current whilst HAWTS do, but HAWT ‘s are much more economical and practical than VAWT ‘s and besides produce more power. HAWT ‘s are by far the most common constellation of air current turbine and therefore for the intent of this thesis merely HAWT will be discussed. Example of a typical HAWT Example of a typical VAWT ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.turbinesinfo.com/ ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/ ) When planing a HAWT there are several factors which have to be taken into history: The HAWT design can be split into four different subsystems: Turbine rotor subsystem Power-train subsystem Nacelle subsystem Tower subsystem Turbine rotor subsystem The design of the rotor subsystem if frequently considered the most of import, as it straight affects the cost, efficiency and public presentation of the air current turbine. When planing a rotor subsystems there are several facets which must be examined: Shape of rotor From flying tip to root, the form of the rotor blade does non stay changeless. The tip of the blade is much narrower than the root. This is because of demand for the root to structurally back up the remainder of the rotor blade. Besides the farther off from the root the greater the additive velocity, purchase and the greater the part toward the blades rotation.Power= force ten velocity This means that points nearer the shaft have less of an consequence on rotary motion, and hence holding a thicker less aerodynamically efficient blade subdivision at this point will non hold every bit serious effects as it would at the tip. You read "The Importance Of Wind Turbines Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" Unlike a typical aeroplane flying blade a air current turbine blade has a just sum of turn. Besides unlike an aeroplane wing, turbine blades undergo rotational motion doing this demand for greater turn. Turn of a turbine blade is when the tip is non parallel to the root. As mentioned before the tips of the blade have a greater additive velocity than closer towards the root, but the air current velocity along the full blade remains changeless. Due to the comparative velocity non staying changeless along the blade, holding the same angle of onslaught throughout would intend different points along the blade meeting the air current at sub-optimal angles of onslaught with hapless lift to drag coefficients. Therefore to do the angle of onslaught relation to the way of wind the same throughout the full blade, a turn angle must be implemented. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 53 ) Number of blades Modern twenty-four hours HAWT most normally have merely two or three blades, although they would still work with a smaller or larger figure of blades, but these constellations are uncommon. It is mostly considered that three blade turbines are the most effectual with the best combination of balance, efficiency, and aesthetics. Blade pitch Blade pitch is the angle between the blade chord line and the plane of rotary motion. Pitch mechanisms allows for a manner to command the starting torsion, peak power, and halting torsion of the turbine ( Wind turbine engineering, pg 51 ) . Most big air current turbines have a pitch mechanism integrated into the design, but due to their cost some smaller turbines have fixed pitch. Some wind turbines may besides hold tip interruptions. These halt the rotor rotary motion by turning the tip of the blades to right angles with the way of gesture, doing an addition in retarding force. Blade Material Choosing the right stuff for the design is of import, depending on the rotors size and design a stuff with equal strength, stiffness, weight and cost must be found. Early on air current turbine rotor blade designs consisted of wooden complexs and lightweight metals. Most wind turbines today use either fiberglass or plastic complexs for building due to their low costs, strength and weariness features. ( wind power, Paul gipe, pg 110 ) Power train subsystem Consists of a series of mechanical and electrical constituents, to change over mechanical power caused from the rotor to electrical power. It includes ; low velocity and high velocity thrust shafts, a gear box, an electrical generator and a rotor brake every bit good as subsidiary equipment. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 52 ) . This is done by reassigning mechanical energy from the low velocity thrust shaft attached to the rotor, to a high velocity thrust shaft to power a generator. Nacelle subsystem The nacelle is the lodging to all of the power train subsystems every bit good as the gaping systems. It must protect these systems from all conditions conditions every bit good as act a primary burden way from the shaft to the tower. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 54 ) . The ability for a turbine to gape is of import. A turbine turned at 90 A ; deg ; to the air current will bring forth no lift and hence no rotary motion, whilst if it is at 0 A ; deg ; to the air current it will bring forth maximal sum of lift and maximal rotary motion. Yawing is of import in acquiring maximal power out of a air current turbine and even gaping a twosome of grades to confront the air current will profit. Modern air current turbines have a yawing mechanism to let, non merely for the turbine to confront the air current but when in non in operation to confront 90 A ; deg ; to the air current to halt rotary motion. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 54 ) Tower subsystem The tower raises the nacelle and the rotor off the land. The tallness of the tower is dependent on geographical location and the trade of between increasing the tower tallness to make more powerful air currents and cost. The tower must be structurally really strong and stiff both to back up the nacelle and rotor, every bit good as withstand quivers caused by the rotor. Towers are normally made from steel or reinforced concrete. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 56 ) Tip velocity ratio The velocity in which the blades rotate is an of import factor to see. If the blades rotate excessively easy so most of the air current will go through between them undisturbed with really small energy extracted. If excessively fast, so the blades will be whirling through disruptive air caused by the other blades, every bit good as doing the turbine to be put under increased emphasis which could take to mechanical failure. Wind turbine blades are hence designed to revolve with an optimal tip velocity ratio to pull out the maximal energy possible from the air current. Tip velocity ratio can be defined as the ratio of blade tip velocity to weave velocity. The tip velocity ratio is straight affected by the figure of blades of a turbine, the fewer the figure of blades the faster the rotary motion velocity will necessitate to be to pull out maximal power. For three bladed air current turbines the tip velocity ratio is by and large in the scope of 6-8 with 7 being the most common value ITECHOPEN.com pg Betz one pg 29 Generally interior decorators will take to maintain the tip velocity ratio every bit high as possible to increase the velocity in which the shaft connected to the generator spins, but higher tip velocity ratios besides have several disadvantages: Increased tip losingss ensuing in decreased efficiency Increased noise Increased quiver Erosion caused by dust atoms Efficient airfoil design is hence particularly of import to let for higher optimal ratios to be met whilst restricting these negative effects. Finish! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment The lift, retarding force and pitching minute are all moving on a air current turbine rotor blade. And figure†¦ †¦ . shows the orientation of these. Lift is the force moving perpendicular to the oncoming air flow and is required to get the better of gravitation. ( Hansen,2008 pg 8 ) The retarding force force acts perpendicular to the lift force and hence parallel to the oncoming air flow. The retarding force force is a combination of the syrupy forces between the air and the airfoil, and the force per unit area differences over the airfoil ensuing in whirls. As mentioned by Hansen, 2008 pg 8 the lift to drag ratio should be maximised to acquire a more efficient airfoil. The coefficients of lift and retarding force can be defined as: Where, is the air denseness and is the length of the airfoil chord. These coefficients are maps of Reynolds figure, Mach figure and angle of onslaught. To to the full depict the forces it is necessary to cognize the pitching minute about a point of the airfoil. As stated by Hansen 2008, pg 8 This is located at a distance of ? length along the chord line from the taking border. It is defined as: Betz bound The Betz bound was foremost introduced by German applied scientist Albert Betz in 1919 and is the maximal theoretical power that can be extracted from a air current watercourse. Harmonizing to Intechopen.com pg 26 for maximal energy extraction the downstream speed should be equal to of the upstream speed, therefore the optimal value for the power coefficient will go: This value is about and is known as the Betz bound. Using this standard a value for air current turbine efficiency can be defined as the ratio of power coefficient to Betz bound: Figure†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Hansen 2008 pg 40 shows how the maximal efficiency is affected by the tip velocity ratio. For low tip velocity ratios the efficiency will be decreased for illustration, a tip velocity ratio of 1 will give a maximal efficiency of about 70 % , whilst a tip velocity ratio of 10 will give a maximal efficiency of about 98 % . This shows that air current turbines higher tip speed ratios can pull out more energy and therefore a higher tip velocity ratio is a coveted feature. Blade Element Momentum theory Blade component impulse theory is a combination of two air current turbine analysis methods. The 1st method is to execute impulse balance equations on a revolving annulate watercourse tubing which passes through the turbine. The 2nd is to analyze the forces generated by the lift and retarding force coefficients along the blade by dividing it into subdivisions. Momentum theory Axial force Assuming a air current turbine as being in a control volume disc actuator theoretical account as seen in figure†¦ †¦ Premises This is a really basic theoretical account which assumes no aftermath rotary motion. Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 are at places upriver of the turbine, merely before the turbine, merely after the turbine and downstream of the turbine, severally. Between Stationss 2 and 3 energy is extracted from the air current ensuing in a force per unit area alteration. The mass flow rate of the control volume must stay changeless harmonizing to the continuity equation: Besides if we assume continuity of speed through the turbine so and and because the flow is frictionless so we can use Bernoulli ‘s equation between 1and 2, every bit good as 3 and 4 giving up: Uniting these equations gives: As force is equal to coerce clip ‘s country so the push generated by the turbine can be calculated as: The axial initiation factor is a factor of vaiation of the cross sectional country of the turbine blade which varies as a map of flow speed. ( Eng.fiu.edu, pg 21 ) . It can be defined as: Therefore: If this is substituted into the trust equation it yields: Using this equation the power end product of the turbine can so be found by specifying it as thrust times speed. Therefore: Power and Thrust Coefficient The power generated by the kinetic energy of the air current fluxing at a air current turbine can be defined as: The public presentation parametric quantities of a air current turbine can be characterised by the power and thrust coefficients. Where the coefficient of power is the ratio of power generated by the air current turbine to power available given by: Similarly the thrust coefficient can be defined as: Harmonizing to the Betz limit the coefficient of power can ne’er transcend a value of. These public presentation parametric quantities can be related to the axial initiation factor by uniting with the power and thrust equations severally giving: Blade Element Theory Blade component theory involves dividing a blade up into N figure of subdivisions ( or elements ) . The fluid flow will be different across each component as they will hold different rotational velocities, chord length, and turn angle ( wind turbine design grant ingram ) . Therefore numerical integrating along the blade span is required to find the overall public presentation. Relative speed The comparative air current speed is the vector amount of the horizontal air current speed at the blade, and the speed caused by blade rotary motion. The rotary motion constituent is the vector amount of the blade speed and the rotational flow due aftermath rotary motion is.To give a more accurate estimation of the airfoil public presentation an norm of recess ( place 2 ) and issue ( place 3 ) is used where is the mean rotational flow due to wake rotary motion. Wind turbine explained pg 107. Knowing this an equation can be writ for the mean digressive speed: Figure 5 shows the geometry of a air current turbine blade grant ingram pg 9 From the figure 5 we can infer that: Where the value of will change along the span of the blade. This equation can be related to the tip velocity ratio which is defined as: Threfore: Using figure 6 we can besides associate that the equation for the comparative speed is: Blade Elementss From figure 6 the forces moving on a blade component can be seen. These forces can be equated as: Taking into history the coefficients of lift and retarding force antecedently defined as equations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. ClCd graph possibly? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? so the forces moving on a blade component can be written as: Where B is the figure of rotor blades. The torsion moving on a subdivision of the blade is the digressive force moving at a distance R from the Centre and is given by: From this equation the influence of retarding force can be clearly be seen. An addition in retarding force will diminish the torsion hence the power end product of the turbine. This is why when selecting or planing an airfoil for turbine usage, one of the key aims is to maintain the coefficient of retarding force every bit low as possible while keeping a high coefficient of lift. These equations can be expressed in footings of initiation factors by replacing equations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ and simplified by utilizing the solidness factor. The solidness factor can be defined as the ratio of blade country to country of the disc given by the equation ; The equations can so be written as: These two equations†¦ †¦ †¦ specify the push and torsion moving on an annulate subdivision of the blades severally. Tip losingss Due to the difference in force per unit area on the top and underside of the airfoil, air flows from the high force per unit area side to the low force per unit area side around the blade tip, cut downing the lift of the blade. To account for this loss of lift and hence power, a rectification factor is implemented. A method of gauging the tip losingss was obtained by L. Prandtl and the equation for the rectification factor is: Where is in radians. Equations.7,17†¦ †¦ so go: Blade component impulse theory Equations for blade component impulse theory which are used in blade design and optimisation can now be defined by uniting the impulse theory equations for axial push and torsion, with blade component forces equations. These are: Used for ciphering initiation factors Power end product The entire power of each ring can be calculated utilizing equation: The entire power from the rotor can be calculated utilizing the equation: Where is the hub radius. The power coefficient of the rotor can now be calculated utilizing the equation: Where is the blade tip radius. Using the annulate subdivision torsion equation this power coefficient can be written as: How to cite The Importance Of Wind Turbines Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Statistical Sampling Assignment

Questions: 1) In Yoon (2005), determine the type of sample that was selected. 2) In Huh et al. (2004) determine the type of sample that was selected. 3) In Metzger (2006) determine the type of sample that was selected. 4) In Matsunga and Todd (2009) determine the type of sample that was selected From the Japanese population From the American population 5) In Conway and Rubin (1991) determine the type of sample that was selected. 6) In Neuwirth and Frederick (2004) determine the type of sample selected. 7) In Diener and Woody (1981) determine the type of sample selected in Study 3. 8) For the NCA data set (nca modified.sav) consider the 1,001 participants as the population. Take a simple random sample of size 30 and record the proportion of females in the sample. Repeat this 50 times to obtain 50 values for the sample proportion of females. Start SPSS and enter these 50 values in the first column. Construct a histogram for these 50 values. What is the approximate shape of this histogram? (You may need to use your imagination here depending on the results of your simulations.) Approximately where is the histogram centered? Answer: 1. Simple random sample2. Simple random sample3. Simple random sample4. Stratified random sample5. Cluster sample6. Simple random sample7. Purposive sample 8. Introduction: It was observed that most of the sampling distributions follow an approximately normal distribution. For this assignment, we have to check with the given data set. We have given a data set containing different variables. One of the variables in this data set is given as sex. For this variable, we are given a sample size of 1001 observations. By using some samples from these observations, we have to find the histogram for the proportion of females in these data sets and again we have to check the shape and structure of this histogram. We are interesting in checking whether it follows an approximately normal distribution or not. Procedure: First of all we have to take a random sample of size 30 from the variable sex given in the data set. We have to repeat this process about 50 times. That is, we have to select a total 50 samples of size 30. Then we have to find the proportion of females in each sample. Then we have to find the descriptive statistics for these 50 proportions. Also we have to draw the histogram for these 50 proportions of females. We have to check the shape of the histogram whether it follows an approximate normal distribution or not. We have to check at which value the data is centred. Let us see this step by step by using SPSS. Data analysis: First of all, let us see some information about the total observations given for the variable sex in this data set. We are given a total observations as 1001 and we found that there are total number of males is 478 and total number of females is 523. That is, proportion for female in the total observations is given as 52.2% or 0.522. The proportion for the male is given as 47.8% or 0.478. The SPSS output is given below: Statistics sex N Valid 1001 Missing 0 sex Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 478 47.8 47.8 47.8 Female 523 52.2 52.2 100.0 Total 1001 100.0 100.0 Now, we have to take the 50 samples of size 30 from the given data for the variable sex. Then we have to calculate the proportions of females for each sample. The proportions of these 50 samples of size 30 are given in the following table: Sample No. Proportion of female Sample No. Proportion of female 1 40.95502326 26 51.27777853 2 58.71984001 27 53.23472705 3 53.6938884 28 49.83418127 4 54.35901276 29 49.95743763 5 51.69683661 30 52.51152629 6 50.47701603 31 53.62696924 7 49.61262808 32 48.48401742 8 53.92512653 33 57.60656333 9 48.40706528 34 54.1941655 10 46.76494334 35 48.35132368 11 53.87762596 36 52.26253738 12 49.2199217 37 50.52487109 13 49.62147471 38 49.7573443 14 56.08128077 39 49.90728761 15 52.32568856 40 54.76303163 16 52.61949497 41 53.42068393 17 44.83826512 42 48.35487342 18 53.48641247 43 57.04045955 19 49.53616485 44 54.01028057 20 52.13452921 45 51.80268777 21 53.21964813 46 49.76943762 22 52.99027824 47 51.36415712 23 54.97215734 48 49.95485869 24 53.93664378 49 54.95175683 25 49.64889798 50 48.74594296 Now, we have to see some descriptive statistics for these 50 proportions of females. Descriptive statistics are given below: Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Female proportion 50 42.40 2605.08 52.1016 3.90992 15.287 Valid N (list wise) 50 The average proportion for female is observed as 52.10% or 0.521 with standard deviation of 3.91%. Now, let us see some other descriptive statistics for these proportions of females given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Range Maximum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Female proportion 50 18.13 60.53 .55295 -.088 .337 -.198 .662 Valid N (list wise) 50 The histogram for the female proportions is given as below: This histogram follows an approximate normal distribution and the centre of this histogram is located at the value 52%. That is, we get the sampling proportion for female same as the population proportion of females. Let us see the p-plot for normality for the female proportion which is given as below: This p-plot suggests that the sampling distribution follows an approximately normal distribution. Conclusion: It is concluded that the sampling distribution of the female proportions centred at the value of female population proportion. Also, it was observed that the sampling distribution follows an approximately normal distribution with the mean approximate equal to the population proportion. References: 1. David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton Company, 1997.2. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001.3. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972.4. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001.5. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979.6. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.7. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 19678. Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946

Bend It Like Beckham free essay sample

The challenge Gurinder Chadha’s character, Jess Bhamra faces in ‘bend it like Beckham’ is to choose between her family and her love of football. This challenge is presented through the techniques of props, dialogue, and costumes. The director used props effectively to portray the challenge Jess is to face between the clash of football and Jess’s Indian heritage. This is shown effectively when Jess is practicing her football skills using a cabbage, while her mother is trying to teach her full Indian dinner she gets irritated at her for not being able to cook a full traditional Indian dinner. Instead of paying any attention to how to cook a traditional meal, she uses the cabbage as a soccer ball. This shows us how Jess is struggling to balance her family’s Indian culture and the world of English Soccer. The challenge that Jess faces in relation to playing football as an Indian girl is developed throughout the film through the technique of dialogue. ’’ Jess wants to follow her own future not someone else’s life they’ve chosen for her. Also in the film Jules Paxton faced conflict as well. Jules always stood up in what she believed in. She believed In playing football professionally, and when Jess liked the same guy she did. Jess and Jules both liked Joe, their football coach. When Jules saw Jess and Joe about to kiss, she cracked it at Jess, the soon got home and Jules and Jess had been staying away from each other when Jess went to Jules, they were arguing in Jules bedroom when Jules mother could hear them arguing and she thought that they were lesbians. Mrs. Paxton saw them kissing until they went to Pinkys wedding and Mrs. Paxton saw them, started yelling and on the car ride back Jules explained how they liked the same guy and were best friends! Joe also was one of the main characters and was Jules and Jess’ football coach. Joe had almost the identical problem as Jess. His father wanted him to coach boys soccer, but he wanted to coach the girls soccer. Throughout this Joe isn’t close with his father anymore, but Joe wants to face his own dream and not his fathers. Joes father didn’t want what Joe wanted. Joe encouraged his layers, and fighted for what he wanted, like when he went to Jess’ house to tell her parents she should be playing, no matter how hard it is at times, he strived for what he wanted in life. Throughout this film, Jess and Jules were facing conflict, and it shows us that anyone can get through it in the end. They fighted there battles and moved on. Jess sneaked out playing football, Jules par ents thought she was lesbian and Joe was the girl’s football coach, but his dad didn’t want what he wanted. You can always overcome something, doesn’t matter how long it takes you.

Thoughts On Critically Essaying Topic

Thoughts On Critically Essaying TopicThere are a lot of critical essay topics that would have you itching to write one. What do you want to talk about and why?These are personal feelings and opinions and it is very hard to actually express them in words. All I know is that when I write an essay about these topics, I can't help but feel a little bit lighter and refreshed after I have completed the essay. That is how powerful writing is!Critical essay topics are the ones that really make you think about the way you have been feeling and the way you will probably feel for the rest of your life. In other words, when you finish an essay on these topics, you have to be quite contented with the ideas that you have put down on paper.Critical essay topics will deal with various aspects of life and even with certain topics that can make life difficult. A few examples of these topics are climate change, which is a very interesting topic today as we move toward the latest crisis. We are faced wi th issues such as global warming, the existence of the ozone layer, and global temperature. In other words, it is all about that climate change which we must adapt to or face the most severe consequences of global warming.One particular topic that I had to research was how people have dealt with anxiety disorders and the therapy that they have used to overcome their problems. It is good to have a way to share the 'how to' tips and best practices with others who might be experiencing the same challenges and problems.Critical essay topics that have to do with philosophy also have interesting and thoughtful aspects to them. I have written essays about manythings from art, literature, philosophy, politics, religion, the arts, and even some people's views on science. The general concept is that there is much that humans are capable of doing when they try to understand the world around them.Writing about these topics for the purpose of sharing with other people is a wonderful and upliftin g feeling. Reading, thinking, writing, and receiving feedback from readers who find that essay to be helpful can make you realize just how much there is to learn from everyone who reads.Of course, the issue is that some people are more comfortable expressing themselves in a certain way than others, but it is up to the writer to determine what is best for his or her own personality. It is not something that can be determined by anyone else, except those closest to the person who has an essay to write.

Articles Of Confederation Essays - United States, James Madison

Articles Of Confederation Essays - United States, James Madison Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were first drafted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1777. This first draft was prepared by a man named John Dickinson in 1776. The Articles were then ratified in 1781. The cause for the changes to be made was due to state jealousies and widespread distrust of the central authority. This jealousy then led to the emasculation of the document. As adopted, the articles provided only for a "firm league of friendship" in which each of the 13 states expressly held "its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The People of each state were given equal privileges and rights, freedom of movement was guaranteed, and procedures for the trials of accused criminals were outlined. The articles established a national legislature called the Congress, consisting of two to seven delegates from each state; each state had one vote, according to its size or population. No executive or judicial branches were provided for. Congress was charged with responsibility for conducting foreign relations, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy, settling boundary disputes, establishing and maintaining a postal service, and various lesser functions. Some of these responsibilities were shared with the states, and in one way or another Congress was dependent upon the cooperation of the states for carrying out any of them. Four visible weaknesses of the articles, apart from those of organization, made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties. These were analyzed in numbers 15-22 of The FEDERALIST, the political essays in which Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay argued the case for the U.S. CONSTITUTION of 1787. The first weakness was that Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; because of this it could not enforce legislation. Second, Congress had no power to tax. Instead, it was to assess its expenses and divide those among the states on the basis of the value of land. States were then to tax their own citizens to raise the money for these expenses and turn the proceeds over to Congress. They could not be forced to do so, and in practice they rarely met their obligations. Third, Congress lacked the power to control commercewithout its power to conduct foreign relations was not necessary, since most treaties except those of peace were concerned mainly with trade. The fourth weakness ensured the demise of the Confederation by making it too difficult to correct the first three. Amendments could have corrected any of the weaknesses, but amendments required approval by all 13 state legislatures. None of the several amendments that were proposed met that requirement. On the days from September 11, 1786 to September 14, 1786, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia had a meeting of there delegates at the Annapolis Convention. Too few states were represented to carry out the original purpose of the meetingto discuss the regulation of interstate commercebut there was a larger topic at question, specifically, the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton successfully proposed that the states be invited to send delegates to Philadelphia to render the constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union." As a result, the Constitutional Convention was held in May 1787. The Constitutional Convention, which wrote the Constitution of the United States, was held in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. It was called by the Continental Congress and several states in response to the expected bankruptcy of Congress and a sense of panic arising from an armed revoltShays's Rebellionin New England. The convention's assigned job, following proposals made at the Annapolis Convention the previous September, was to create amendments to the Articles of Confederation. The delegates, however, immediately started writing a new constitution. Fifty-five delegates representing 12 states attended at least part of the sessions. Thirty-four of them were lawyers; most of the others were planters or merchants. Although George Washington, who presided, was 55, and John Dickinson was 54, Benjamin Franklin 81, and Roger Shermen 66, most of the delegates were young men in their 20s and 30s. Noticeable absent were the revolutionary leaders of the effort for independence in 1775-76, such as John Adams, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson.

Free Essays on Drunk Driving Exigent Solution

Drunk Driving as a Social Issue By: G Ahmed How much longer will we be forced to endure the pain and atrocities due to the carelessness of drunk driving? Drunk driving has been a problem in the United States since the introduction of automobiles; however, it did not become an important social issue until the 1980’s. At that time the political atmosphere defined crime in terms of personal choice and individual responsibility. Drunk driving was defined as a problem located within individuals. Drunk driving is illegal in every state. It is not only illegal, but unsafe to operate an automobile if you are under the influence of alcohol. When a person drinks, the alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream and various tests have been designed to measure the level of alcohol in a person’s blood. In most states, if a person has a blood alcohol level greater than .10%, that person is presumed to be too intoxicated to safely operate an automobile. Driving under the influence of alcohol is considered the nation’s most frequently committed violent crime, and in the 1980’s the public supported a wider range of non-criminal countermeasures, as well as stricter legal measures, to govern DUI’s. This movement against drunk driving was well reflected in the legislative arena. Between 1981 and 1987 some 934 new laws dealing with drunk driving were passed by state legislatures. Legal measures focus on deterring drunken drivers by providing stricter laws and punishment. Non-criminal countermeasures are concerned with reform and education and include treatment programs and educating citizens about the dangers of impaired driving. To prevent drunk driving, a combination of stricter laws with harsh punishments and non-criminal countermeasures must be implemented. Legal measures are said to protect citizens through deterrence. Deterrence is defined as discouraging a particular behavior. There are two types of deterrence: individual or specific dete... Free Essays on Drunk Driving Exigent Solution Free Essays on Drunk Driving Exigent Solution Drunk Driving as a Social Issue By: G Ahmed How much longer will we be forced to endure the pain and atrocities due to the carelessness of drunk driving? Drunk driving has been a problem in the United States since the introduction of automobiles; however, it did not become an important social issue until the 1980’s. At that time the political atmosphere defined crime in terms of personal choice and individual responsibility. Drunk driving was defined as a problem located within individuals. Drunk driving is illegal in every state. It is not only illegal, but unsafe to operate an automobile if you are under the influence of alcohol. When a person drinks, the alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream and various tests have been designed to measure the level of alcohol in a person’s blood. In most states, if a person has a blood alcohol level greater than .10%, that person is presumed to be too intoxicated to safely operate an automobile. Driving under the influence of alcohol is considered the nation’s most frequently committed violent crime, and in the 1980’s the public supported a wider range of non-criminal countermeasures, as well as stricter legal measures, to govern DUI’s. This movement against drunk driving was well reflected in the legislative arena. Between 1981 and 1987 some 934 new laws dealing with drunk driving were passed by state legislatures. Legal measures focus on deterring drunken drivers by providing stricter laws and punishment. Non-criminal countermeasures are concerned with reform and education and include treatment programs and educating citizens about the dangers of impaired driving. To prevent drunk driving, a combination of stricter laws with harsh punishments and non-criminal countermeasures must be implemented. Legal measures are said to protect citizens through deterrence. Deterrence is defined as discouraging a particular behavior. There are two types of deterrence: individual or specific dete...

Reliability, Validity and Trustworthiness in Nursing Essay

Reliability, Validity and Trustworthiness in Nursing - Essay Example 30). In case positive results of the nurses’ researches and studies are reached, then their research strategies are valid and reliable (Zangaro, Soeken 2005, p. 6). Qualitative researches are often positioned as pragmatic researches and there is no doubt that there is a need to follow the rules of these researches. In accordance with Aristotle, there is more practical than theoretical aspects of nursing. One of the greatest ancient philosophers claims: â€Å"practical sciences inquire into the principles and causes of things to achieve knowledge in order to make, as in engineering, or in order to do, as in ethics† (Strickland 2006, p. 5). Three main concepts of nursing research Reliability and validity are two integrative elements of trustworthiness of the researches and studies. Trustworthiness of the research depends on the initial research question, data collection, analysis and conclusions reached. The issues of validity and reliability should be taken into account in the process of reading different research projects, either quantitative or qualitative ones. Both in qualitative and quantitative studies, these concepts are of crucial importance. That is why the following research, which is based on the article by Byrne, Cooper and Fairburn â€Å"Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a qualitative study†, the concept of reliability is discussed in detail. The study deals with the problems of obesity, a challenging issue of weight regain and weight maintenance. A qualitative approach is chosen in this study, because there is a need to define the number of factors, which are influencing on weight maintenance and relapse in obesity. The reliability of quantitative studies depends on the methodology of calculation. In the study conducted by Byrne, Cooper and Fairburn transcripts were analyzed with the help of NUD*IST software (Byrne, Cooper and Fairburn 2003, p. 956). Reliability demonstrates how a certain procedural instrument is used to provide similar results in different circumstances. Validity is the correlation of an intended measure with the real measure. These two concepts should be better considered in terms of nursing research. In a broader definition: â€Å"validity in relation to research is a judgment regarding the degree to which the components of the research reflect the theory, concept, or variable under study† (Roberts 2006, p. 42). In order to determine whether results are valid or not, it is necessary to determine worthiness of the reached results in the process of the study. Internal validity refers to evaluation of the results’ worthiness. External validity deals with generalization of the study’s results and its application to the larger population (Morse 1991, p. 15). Further on, the concept of reliability is considered in detail and it is relevant to discuss the main characteristics of this concept. Reliability determines an instrument’s stability and consistency in a certain context. Reliability of a measured instrument should be considered in terms of a particular study otherwise its application may be irrelevant. Further on reliability will be considered in accordance with three main characteristics: stability, internal consistency and equivalence (Munhall 2001, p. 18). Test-retest

Hedge Funds and Their Role in 2008 Financial Crisis Essay

Hedge Funds and Their Role in 2008 Financial Crisis - Essay Example They are not regulated in the same sense as mutual funds. Mostly, high net worth individuals and some pension funds invest in hedge funds. It is not mandatory for them to be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission because they are not supposed to provide information regarding their operation and valuation in public. The paper tries to explore the early history of hedge funds and how prima facie they are different from mutual funds. The paper also focuses on their role and the impact they created during 2008 financial crisis and also what regulatory measures are currently in force to regulate them. Genesis of Hedge Funds Mallaby emphasizes that Alfred Winslow Jones was the first global hedge-fund manager starting his operations in 1949 without any formal qualification and perhaps he set the tone and style of the functioning of hedge funds that are in vogue today. His way of charging the performance fee was different wherein a straight 20 percent cut was made on net gain s while distributing the profits. This deduction was over and above the management fee and even today most hedge-funds continue to have their performance fee policy in the same line. The fund was called so because all along investments were hedged simultaneously – short-selling some of the weaker stocks to mitigate the systemic risks. He used leveraging as a tool to hedge investments. It is worth noting that Jones’s firm made an astounding return of around 5000% during the year 1949 through 1968. Investopedia states that in 1968, around 140 hedge funds were in operations in the US though most of them were out of business due to slump in subsequent years. The hedge funds saw renaissance in the early 1990s but again, many of them including high-profile hedge funds such as Robertson's were in trouble during dotcom crisis of 2000. Hedge Fund Is Not a Mutual Fund Hedge funds are not mutual funds and they differ in several ways. Mutual funds have a large number of retail inv estors while hedge fund is not interested in a retail exposure and limit itself to a few high-net worth investors. After a minimum lock-in period, investors are free to withdraw the funds in mutual funds but hedge funds usually have a longer lock-out period during which investors cannot withdraw their investments. A mutual fund needs to register with Security Exchange Commission while hedge fund does not have such compulsion. Mutual funds do not undertake speculative activities and focus on returns relative to the bench-mark index. For example, if the bench-mark index goes down by 7 percent but the mutual fund investment goes down by only 4 percent then that will imply that mutual fund has performed better. In contrast, hedge funds focus on absolute returns regardless of the movement of market index. That is why hedge funds employ numerous strategies to earn high returns such as long or short positions on derivative instruments, options and futures. Mutual funds do not resort to suc h strategies to enhance their returns as they are governed by a host of regulatory measures (Investopedia). Role of Hedge Funds in 2008 Financial Crisis Chung argues that hedge funds were not behind the financial crisis of 2008; however, there is no guarantee that they will not cause one in future. Regulatory authorities, fund managers and lawyers believe that banks and financial institutions were largely responsible for the recent financial crisis because they invested heavily in subprime mortgages. The study also revealed that short-selling done by hedge funds did not aggravate the crisis. Hedge funds are not required to be brought under the scanner of policy makers; nevertheless, it is suggested that regulators need to keep a watchful eye on their activities. Accordingly, now hedge-funds firms are needed to register